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'<p>
咖香導讀:咖啡是世界三大飲料之一,深受許多人的喜愛。咖啡中最有特色的成分是咖啡因,但並不是每個人都喜歡。從味道上說,它是咖啡苦味的主要來源;從功能上說,它是神經興奮劑,能讓人處於興奮狀態,影響睡眠。除了咖啡因,咖啡中含有上千種成分,它們可以形成特有的風味,其中還有許多具有健康價值。所以,從咖啡中去除咖啡因,也就有了市場需求。</p><center><img alt="" height="565" src="https://m.gafei.com/uploadfile/202206/c858e3dd7def59e.jpeg" width="670"/></center><p>
咖啡因很容易溶解於熱水中,要把它從咖啡豆中提取出來並不困難。難的是,如何只去掉它,而儘可能保留咖啡的其他成分。如果用水,提取咖啡因的同時也把大量的其他風味物質提取了出來。要想盡可能保留咖啡的風味,就要用其他手段選擇性地去掉咖啡因,再把剩下提取物加回去。</p><p>
這樣的操作實現起來並不容易。另一種思路是選用特定的有機溶劑,比如二氯甲烷,可以比較特異性地帶走咖啡因,而把其他物質留下。但是有機溶劑總有殘留,不管其毒性是不是足夠低,&ldquo;有機溶劑殘留&rdquo;總是讓消費者心存疑慮。</p><center><img alt="" height="114" src="https://m.gafei.com/uploadfile/202206/9a3ee1f26759d61.png" width="553"/></center><p>
早在1822年,有位法國學者發現了物質存在&ldquo;超臨界現象&rdquo;。1879年,有科學家發現了超臨界流體卓越的溶解性能,預測它可以作爲優秀的溶劑用於工業生產中。不過,直到1962年,超臨界萃取的概念才終於變成了技術,成功應用於&ldquo;咖啡脫因&rdquo;。</p><p>
我們知道,各種物質都有氣、液、固三種狀態。在適當的溫度和壓力下,這三種狀態可以互相轉化。比如水,在通常的氣壓下,100&deg;C以上是氣態,低於這個沸點溫度變成液態,低到0&deg;C後變成固態。如果增大壓力,這些轉變溫度就會發生改變,比如在在高壓下,水可以在100&deg;C以上保持液態&mdash;&mdash;或者說,高於100&deg;C時,如果增加壓力,也可以使水蒸氣液化成爲水。但是,如果溫度超過374&deg;C,那麼無論把壓力增加到多高,水蒸氣也無法變成水。但是如果壓力足夠高的話,它的密度會大大高於氣體而接近水的密度。這樣的狀態跟氣體、液體、固體都不同,被稱爲物質的第四種狀態&mdash;&mdash;超臨界態。而那個374&deg;C,也就被叫做&ldquo;超臨界溫度&rdquo;。處於超臨界狀態的物質,就被稱爲&ldquo;超臨界流體&rdquo;。</p><p>
對水而言,要達到超臨界狀態需要太高的溫度和壓力,在實際生產中並不方便。而二氧化碳就比較&ldquo;友好&rdquo;,它的超臨界溫度是31.1&deg;C。只要高於這個溫度,把壓力增加到72.8個大氣壓以上,二氧化碳就成爲超臨界流體。</p><center><img alt="" height="823" src="https://m.gafei.com/uploadfile/202206/eeab5a25001211.jpeg" width="708"/></center><p>
超臨界流體的特性跟氣體和液體都有很大不同。它的密度與液體接近,但粘度卻很低,擴散性能好,表面張力極低。這些特性,使得它具有優越的萃取能力。特種化工行業把超臨界二氧化碳用於充分吸水的咖啡豆,可以去掉其中98%的的咖啡因。</p><p>
超臨界二氧化碳萃取的優勢並不僅僅是效率高。更重要的是,它具有很高的選擇性&mdash;&mdash;任咖啡豆中有百媚千紅,它只愛咖啡因這一種。二氧化碳無毒無味,只要撤去高壓,幾乎可以完全揮發掉。萃取了咖啡因的超臨界二氧化碳進入分離塔,加入水就可以把咖啡因去除&mdash;&mdash;咖啡因本身是另一種產品,而二氧化碳則可以循環使用。這樣的工藝,堪稱綠色環保。</p><center><img alt="" height="424" src="https://m.gafei.com/uploadfile/202206/adc40b901c498df.jpeg" width="299"/></center><p>
&ldquo;咖啡脫因&rdquo;是超臨界二氧化碳萃取技術的第一個成功應用。此後,這一技術得到了更廣泛的開發,獲得了越來越多的應用。比如採用類似的工藝,可以用於去除茶中的咖啡因,而改換工藝流程,還可以提取茶中的茶多酚。在啤酒行業,用超臨界二氧化碳提取啤酒花中的有效成分,也得到了廣泛應用。</p><p>
從天然產物中分離生物活性物質在食品、醫學、香精等行業中有廣闊的前景,比如油脂、天然藥物成分、精油、香精等等。跟咖啡脫因一樣,傳統的分離手段要麼使用有機溶劑,不得不面對有機溶劑殘留的質疑,要麼使用高溫水溶,再經過一些列分離純化。除了工藝的繁瑣,高溫也會造成許多生物活性的損失。藉助特種化工技術的超臨界二氧化碳萃取不僅萃取效率高,不存在溶劑殘留問題,而且可以在較低的溫度下操,可以避免高溫對目標物質的破壞。</p><p>
來源網絡</p>' |
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array (
'list_title' => '[第{page}頁{join}]{catpname}{join}{modname}{join}{SITE_NAME}',
'list_keywords' => '',
'list_description' => '',
),
'template' =>
array (
'pagesize' => 20,
'mpagesize' => 20,
'page' => 'page.html',
'list' => 'list.html',
'category' => 'category.html',
'search' => 'search.html',
'show' => 'show.html',
),
'cat_field' => '',
'module_field' => '',
'html' => 0,
),
'displayorder' => '0',
'acount' => '1',
'namerule' => '{typedir}{Y}{M}{D}{aid}.html',
'namerule2' => '{typedir}/list_{tid}_{page}.html',
'mid' => 'article',
'pcatpost' => 1,
'topid' => '1',
'domain' => '',
'catids' =>
array (
0 => '323',
),
'is_post' => 1,
'mobile_domain' => '',
'tid' => 1,
'url' => 'https://gafei.com/list-7yuezixun.html',
'total' => 1,
'field' =>
array (
),
),
) |
urlrule |
'/views-43450-[page].html' |
fix_html_now_url |
'' |
my_web_url |
'https://cdn.gafei.com/views-43450' |
get |
array (
's' => 'article',
'c' => 'show',
'id' => '43450',
'm' => 'index',
) |