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'摩卡壺的使用技巧與變量 咖啡萃取的器具 摩卡壺的使用方法' |
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'在這個手衝、虹吸與高端意式咖啡機興盛的年代,摩卡壺似乎已被冠上老舊、不易操作做出好喝咖啡的代名詞。我們觀察到,咖啡愛好者會選擇在家自己手衝一杯單品咖啡或是去咖啡館點一杯卡布奇諾等加奶的意式咖啡,然而,我們認爲其實摩卡壺還是能夠像一臺簡單小' |
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'<div style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(53, 53, 53); font-family: \'Microsoft yahei\', \'Helvetica Neue\', Helvetica, Arial, SimHei, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; text-indent: 28px;">
在這個手衝、虹吸與高端意式咖啡機興盛的年代,摩卡壺似乎已被冠上老舊、不易操作做出好喝咖啡的代名詞。我們觀察到,咖啡愛好者會選擇在家自己手衝一杯單品咖啡或是去咖啡館點一杯卡布奇諾等加奶的意式咖啡,然而,我們認爲其實摩卡壺還是能夠像一臺簡單小型的意式咖啡機,幫你做出美式淡咖啡或適合加奶的意式咖啡!<br />
<br />
從摩卡壺的衝煮過程來看,整個過程非常迅速,咖啡液開始流出到結束的時間只需要30s左右,屬於高壓短時間萃取。但相比手沖和意式機的萃取,摩卡壺在溫度和時間的相關參數控制並不能精確控制,這就不禁引起我們的疑問,摩卡壺煮出的咖啡質量到底可控嗎?到底怎麼樣才能用摩卡壺煮出好喝的單品或者意式咖啡呢?<br />
<br />
基於這些讓我們好奇的問題,我們決定開始優化摩卡壺衝煮方式,並進行不同烘焙度咖啡的衝煮實驗。摩卡壺的構造可分爲三個部分,分別是:在下部盛水的底壺,中間漏斗型並帶有小濾孔的粉碗和上部具有噴嘴的上壺。爲了防止下壺在加熱過程中產生的壓力過大而引起危險,在下壺的側壁上還具有泄壓閥。<br />
<img alt="" src="http://www.brst.cn/uploads/allimg/160318/1-16031Q00513412.png" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 640px; height: 685px;" /><br />
基本操作方法<br />
摩卡壺使用時,首先將咖啡粉盛滿粉碗中,放於下壺,旋緊上壺,隨後加熱下壺中的水,在相對密閉的環境中,熱水產生足夠的水蒸氣後將下壺的水迅速壓起並穿過粉碗,從上壺增壓閥處出口溢出,完成萃取。<br />
爲了做出好喝的咖啡,在使用摩卡壺之前,一定要先定標,測定摩卡壺粉碗的粉容量、下壺的水容量和衝煮完成後最後的殘水量。只有通過對參數進行定標之後我們才得以知道實際的衝煮用水量並控制衝煮比例。下壺起始水溫是影響風味的一個關鍵的因素,我們分別用常溫的直飲水和沸水注入下壺進行衝煮,經過多次重複實驗得到下表:<br />
<img alt="" src="http://www.brst.cn/uploads/allimg/160318/1-16031Q00216429.png" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 640px; height: 430px;" /><br />
在悶萃時間內,下壺受熱逐漸產生水蒸氣,此時會有少量的水被壓入粉碗內進行萃取,當下壺內的水蒸氣繼續蓄積,使內部壓力到達某一臨界值時,下壺內的水開始持續快速地被壓入粉碗內,進行浸萃時間的萃取,且此階段的萃取能力較強。<br />
<br />
通過對比數據發現,當下壺水溫較低時,悶萃時間和總萃取時間都顯著延長;萃取出的咖啡液溫度比下壺高水溫萃取出的咖啡液溫度低20℃左右。但如果下壺水溫較低,當壺內蒸氣壓力已達臨界壓力時,水溫卻還沒有升至較高溫度,即使總萃取時間較長,但還是對淺焙豆和中焙豆的咖啡粉萃取不足,引起突出的生澀感。當萃取深焙咖啡粉時,下壺水溫較高,容易引起焦苦感;水溫較低時又會延長整體的萃取時間,同樣導致焦苦與不平衡的風味表現。
<div style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br />
此款比樂蒂摩卡壺在上壺咖啡液導流管出口具有一個增壓閥,這意味在加熱的過程中,下壺要產生更大的壓力來克服增壓閥的重量使咖啡液溢出,我們很好奇這樣的設計真的會對咖啡的風味產生莫大的影響嗎?結果如下表所示:<br />
<img alt="" src="http://www.brst.cn/uploads/allimg/160318/1-16031Q0292E22.png" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 640px; height: 314px;" /><br />
從數據中可以看出,去掉增壓閥後,悶萃時間相對變短,浸萃時間相對延長,但對總萃取時間和咖啡液溫度無明顯影響。在上壺增加增壓閥後,下壺需要達到的臨界壓力值變高,因此需要產生更多的水蒸氣,延長了悶萃時間,但由於此時壓力值較高,一旦壓水過程開始,壓水速度也相對較快,使得浸萃時間減少。結合風味表現的對比來看,無閥萃取提高了中度烘焙和深度烘焙的酸度和苦感,順滑度相對差,我們推論原因是無閥萃取壓力較低,對風味物質的萃取能力下降,導致小分子和極性物質(例如:有機酸)較易萃出,但對口感有利的非極性物質和其他風味物質不足,因而導致風味不平衡。<br />
<br />
對於淺度和中度烘焙的咖啡豆,高溫短時間萃取較利於呈現出飽滿的香氣和平衡的酸甜感,因此建議採用上壺有閥和下壺高水溫的方法,但水溫對整體的影響能力大於有閥和無閥的差異,加入1-2倍的熱水後,製成的美式咖啡酸甜感平衡。<br />
<br />
我們認爲有增壓閥和無增壓閥的摩卡壺衝煮深焙咖啡的起始水溫應該如下:</div>
</div>
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<div style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br />
1*無增壓閥摩卡壺,下壺應以常溫冷水萃取</div>
<div style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br />
2*有增壓閥摩卡壺,下壺起始水溫約80~85℃。<br />
<br />
我們也嘗試以此萃取條件做出的咖啡液30 ml爲基底,加入GS3打好的奶泡,製成180 ml的拿鐵或製成90 ml的Piccolo不論是口感或香氣都比未按照此條件製作的口感要佳(甜順不死苦,滑順不澀口),香氣飽滿(咖啡香氣表現濃郁甜香,不會有焦苦味)。</div>
<div style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br />
綜上所述,對淺焙和中焙的咖啡豆,我們推薦採用以高水溫(85~95度)起始的方法,萃取出加入1-2倍的水來製作美式咖啡;對於深度烘焙的義式豆,可以採用下壺中注入常溫水,之後按照自己的喜好加入3-5倍的熱牛奶,即可以在家享用香濃的拿鐵了。</div>
<div style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br />
根據這次實驗,我們認爲摩卡壺仍然有辦法制作出好喝的咖啡,做爲一個價格不高的咖啡器具,我們會建議喜歡飲用意式咖啡的愛好者,在低預算且空間和時間有限的條件下,可以優先選用摩卡壺替代意式咖啡機。</div>
<div style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br />
可能產生的誤差:當下壺水溫確定後,將上壺鎖上的過程若太長,失溫較嚴重,數據會較不嚴謹,爲避免本誤差,本次研究實驗人員在經過超過十次練習後已經能將這部份的操作誤差時間控制在3秒內,我們認爲是可忽略的影響。</div>
</div>
<br />
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'seo' =>
array (
'list_title' => '[第{page}頁{join}]{catpname}{join}{modname}{join}{SITE_NAME}',
'list_keywords' => '',
'list_description' => '',
),
'template' =>
array (
'pagesize' => 20,
'mpagesize' => 20,
'page' => 'page.html',
'list' => 'list.html',
'category' => 'category.html',
'search' => 'search.html',
'show' => 'show.html',
),
'cat_field' => '',
'module_field' => '',
'html' => 0,
),
'displayorder' => '0',
'acount' => '40',
'namerule' => '{typedir}/{Y}{M}{D}{aid}.html',
'namerule2' => '{typedir}/list_{tid}_{page}.html',
'mid' => 'article',
'pcatpost' => 1,
'topid' => '1',
'domain' => '',
'catids' =>
array (
0 => '319',
),
'is_post' => 1,
'mobile_domain' => '',
'tid' => 1,
'url' => 'https://gafei.com/list-kafeibisaixinwen.html',
'total' => 40,
'field' =>
array (
),
),
320 =>
array (
'id' => '320',
'pid' => '2',
'pids' => '0,1,2',
'name' => '外國咖啡',
'dirname' => 'zixun/waiguokafeixinxi',
'pdirname' => 'kafeixinwen/zixun/',
'child' => 0,
'childids' => 320,
'thumb' => '',
'show' => '1',
'setting' =>
array (
'edit' => 1,
'disabled' => 0,
'getchild' => 1,
'linkurl' => '',
'urlrule' => 3,
'seo' =>
array (
'list_title' => '[第{page}頁{join}]{catpname}{join}{modname}{join}{SITE_NAME}',
'list_keywords' => '',
'list_description' => '',
),
'template' =>
array (
'pagesize' => 20,
'mpagesize' => 20,
'page' => 'page.html',
'list' => 'list.html',
'category' => 'category.html',
'search' => 'search.html',
'show' => 'show.html',
),
'cat_field' => '',
'module_field' => '',
'html' => 0,
),
'displayorder' => '0',
'acount' => '13',
'namerule' => '{typedir}/{Y}/{M}{D}/{aid}.html',
'namerule2' => '{typedir}/list_{tid}_{page}.html',
'mid' => 'article',
'pcatpost' => 1,
'topid' => '1',
'domain' => '',
'catids' =>
array (
0 => '320',
),
'is_post' => 1,
'mobile_domain' => '',
'tid' => 1,
'url' => 'https://gafei.com/list-zixun/waiguokafeixinxi.html',
'total' => 13,
'field' =>
array (
),
),
323 =>
array (
'id' => '323',
'pid' => '2',
'pids' => '0,1,2',
'name' => '7月資訊',
'dirname' => '7yuezixun',
'pdirname' => 'kafeixinwen/zixun/',
'child' => 0,
'childids' => 323,
'thumb' => '',
'show' => '1',
'setting' =>
array (
'edit' => 1,
'disabled' => 0,
'getchild' => 1,
'linkurl' => '',
'urlrule' => 3,
'seo' =>
array (
'list_title' => '[第{page}頁{join}]{catpname}{join}{modname}{join}{SITE_NAME}',
'list_keywords' => '',
'list_description' => '',
),
'template' =>
array (
'pagesize' => 20,
'mpagesize' => 20,
'page' => 'page.html',
'list' => 'list.html',
'category' => 'category.html',
'search' => 'search.html',
'show' => 'show.html',
),
'cat_field' => '',
'module_field' => '',
'html' => 0,
),
'displayorder' => '0',
'acount' => '1',
'namerule' => '{typedir}{Y}{M}{D}{aid}.html',
'namerule2' => '{typedir}/list_{tid}_{page}.html',
'mid' => 'article',
'pcatpost' => 1,
'topid' => '1',
'domain' => '',
'catids' =>
array (
0 => '323',
),
'is_post' => 1,
'mobile_domain' => '',
'tid' => 1,
'url' => 'https://gafei.com/list-7yuezixun.html',
'total' => 1,
'field' =>
array (
),
),
) |
urlrule |
'/views-52810-[page].html' |
fix_html_now_url |
'' |
my_web_url |
'https://cdn.gafei.com/views-52810' |
get |
array (
's' => 'article',
'c' => 'show',
'id' => '52810',
'm' => 'index',
) |